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Hyphen vs. Dash: What's the Difference and When to Use Each

hyphen vs. dash: The hyphen may be shorter in length but it's just as important as its two punctuation cousins - the en dash and em dash.

Hyphens usually join words together while dashes tend to separate words.

In this post, we’ll give you the main differences between the hyphen vs. dash and let you know when to use which.

Main Hyphen vs. Dash Takeaways:

  • Hyphens are not the same as dashes.
  • Hyphens are often used to connect two or more words to form compound words or express double-digit numbers.
  • You can substitute an em dash for a comma, colon, or parenthesis to create emphasis. There are two types of dashes: en dashes and em dashes.
  • Dash symbols are longer than hyphens
  • The en dash can be used to express a range of numbers or to denote connections between words.
  • Typically, dashes are written without spaces before and after them.

You might be wondering how to draw the line—literally—in the battle of hyphen vs dash. This three-way clash among punctuation powerhouses pits the hyphen against two types of dashes.

Who emerges victorious? That depends entirely on what you want to accomplish in your sentence.

Hyphens go against not just one but two kinds of dashes. But before we dive into the differences among hyphens and dashes, it’s useful to understand what a dash is.

Hypen vs. en dash and em dash
The hyphen may be shorter in length but it’s just as important as its two punctuation cousins – the en dash and em dash.

What is the Difference Between a Dash and a Hyphen?

The horizontal line that represents a hyphen is shorter when compared with the line for the dash. Besides their varying lengths, dashes andhyphens also have different functions in a sentence. 

A hyphen is handy for joining words or parts of words in a sentence and spelling out double-digit numbers. On the other hand, writers use dashes to indicate a range or to signal a sentence break. 

For example, compound words such as over-the-counter and mother-in-law are hyphenated. Similarly, hyphens are essential when spelling out numbers between twenty-one and ninety-nine.

Which is Longer: a Hyphen or a Dash?

A dash is a punctuation mark that’s represented by a horizontal line. It may be used to indicate a pause, represent missing letters, or denote connections. A dash is longer than a hyphen.

There are two types of dashes: the em dash and the en dash. The em dash has this name because it’s slightly longer, about the size of the letter M. Similarly, the en dash is slightly shorter and about the size of the N. Dashes are also used in mathematics to represent subtraction.

How Do You Use Dashes in Writing?

When writing, dashes are distinguished by size. The smallest is the hyphen, which is the equivalent of the minus side. It’s found on most keyboards to the immediate right of the zero. Slightly longer than a hyphen, the en dash is the same width as the letter N is. It can be created in most word processors by holding down the ALT key and typing 0150. Spanning the width of the letter M, the em dash is the longest of the dashes. It can be created by holding down the ALT key and typing 0151.

Typically, hyphens and dashes don’t have spaces on either side of them.

But, some style guides do prefer spaces before and after the em dash. The most important thing to remember when writing with dashes is to be consistent.

Although it’s the shortest of these three punctuation marks, the hyphen is no lightweight. Not only is the hyphen is the most common of the dashes, but it also has a multitude of common grammatical uses.

What is the Proper Way to Use a Hyphen?

There are six correct uses of hyphens in writing. Use hyphens to create compound words and to express numbers. You can also use a hyphen to indicate spelled-out words and when dividing one word between two lines of text when there isn’t enough space. In Creative Writing, hyphens help indicate a stammer or the way a character speaks. Using a hyphen can also prevent readers from misinterpreting words by adding emphasis.

Let’s look at each of these uses with examples:

1. Creating Compound Words

You can use Hyphens to link up two or more words that are working in tandem. The result is a single compound word.

He had the most up-to-date information available to help him make an informed decision.
After ending a long-time feud, he became friends with his brother-in-law.

If you’re following a specific style guide or dictionary, it’s a good idea to consult it before hyphenating compound words. Compound words that have been in use for a while are commonly spelled without a hyphen.

2. Expressing Numbers

Hyphens are used when writing out double-digit numbers or fractions.

He gave one-third of the last cookie to each of his friends, keeping none for himself.
She turned eighty-five the year she published her first book.
A hyphen holding a placard containing the words "long-time" joined by a hyphen in the middle. Hyphens link two or more words together.
Hyphens are often used to connect two or more words to form compound words or express double-digit numbers.

3. Indicating Spelled-Out Words

Put them between the letters of a word and hyphens indicate a word that is spelled out letter-by-letter.

Do you want to order P-I-Z-Z-A? I can’t say the word in front of the dog, or he’ll go crazy!

4. Dividing Words Between Two Lines

A hyphen can divide a multi-syllable word between two lines of text. This happens when the line doesn’t contain enough room for the entire word.

The word should always be divided between syllables, and a single-syllable word should never be split.

Example

Hyphen vs dash: A hyphen can be used to divide multi-syllable words.

Prefixes such asall, ex, and self should be joined to words using a hyphen. Suffixes such as elect should also be attached using hyphens.

Her ex-husband had stayed at the all-inclusive resort at the same time as the president-elect.

You can also use hyphens to connect prefixes such as un and pre to capitalized words.

Jake’s family held a pre-Christmas celebration every year since they couldn’t be together on the actual holiday.

5. Indicating a Stammer

When writing dialogue or transcribing verbal communications, hyphens can be used to indicate a stammer.

“I’m s-s-sorry,” she said, forcing the words out.

6. Preventing a Misreading of Words

Hyphens help clarify the meaning of words and prevent misreadings.

Recreation refers to activities that are done for enjoyment. Re-creation means to create something again.

Do you Capitalize After a Hyphen? 

The answer on whether to capitalize hyphenated words in titles depends on the style guide you’re using — The Chicago Manual of Style or The Gregg Reference Manual. 

The Gregg Reference Manual recommends always capitalizing the first element of a hyphenated word. However, you can only capitalize the second element if they’re not articles, prepositions, or conjunctions. 

This includes words like at, by, for, in, of, off, up, and, as, but, to name a few. 

China to Experience Record-Breaking Temperatures in 2030
Hackers to Release Leaked E-Mail Conversations

The Simple Rule — meaning acceptable method but not preferred — of Chicago Manual of Style recommends capitalizing only the first element of a hyphenated word. That’s unless the word that follows such a hyphen is a proper noun or adjective. 

China to Experience Record-breaking Temperatures in 2030
Hackers to Release Leaked E-mail Conversations

However, the rule is not that simple when using the traditional Chicago Manual of Style.

The En Dash: Punctuation’s Middleweight

The en dash is the Goldie Locks dash. It isn’t as short as the hyphen. But, it’s not as long as the em dash.

In the hyphen vs. dash battle, the en dash comes with several grammatical functions.

1. Specifying a Range

Use the en dash to connect things related by distance. Examples include time spans and ranges of numbers.

When you use an en dash this way, it signals that there is a range. It covers all numbers, dates, or times that fall between the two things on either side of the dash.

I bought the January–March edition of my favorite cross stitch magazine. My favorite patterns were on pages 12–14.

2. Denoting Scores

In sports or other games, an en dash helps communicate scores.

His team won in a landslide victory, 44–12.

3. Showing Connections Between Words

The en dash has a slightly more complex job than the hyphen when it comes to showing connections between words. In particular, it may be used to link two words that are already hyphenated, creating a compound adjective.

The groups engaged in a regular pro-choice–pro-life debate, waving signs with opposing sentiments from both sides of the road.

Notice in the second example how pro-choice and pro-life are each hyphenated, while the en dash connects them.

4. Adding Prefixes to Proper Nouns

You can also use the en dash when adding prefixes to proper nouns that include more than one word.

He lived in a post–Great Depression world where times were tough and resources were scarce.
En dash and em dash characters racing each other.
There are two types of dashes: en dashes and em dashes.

Punctuation Powerhouse: The Versatile Em Dash

The em dash is one of the English language‘s punctuation powerhouses. It has a special place in informal writing, where it can take the place of a comma, colon, or parenthesis.

Here are a few ways the multifaceted em dash may be used in a sentence:

1. To Signal a Sentence Break

The em dash can take the place of a comma to signal or emphasize a break in a sentence. This is especially helpful when setting apart clarifying information (known as appositives).

Did you see the little dog—the black and white one—that followed Jessica home from school?

2. To Emphasize the Conclusion of a Sentence

An em dash can replace a colon. This helps emphasize the conclusion of a sentence.

After someone stole his favorite grammar guide, Johnny only wanted one thing—revenge!

3. To Express a Sudden Shift in Thought

Sometimes, a sentence can take an abrupt turn. An em dash helps a reader follow a sudden shift in thought or direction.

I think I’ll take two scoops of the chocolate chip ice cream—no, I just want a piece of strawberry cheesecake.

4. To Show an Interruption

When writing dialogue or transcribing verbal communications, em dashes signal interruptions.

He started to say, “You don’t know anything about—” but she wouldn’t let him finish his sentence.

5. To Connect a List and Its Unifying Idea

When an em dash follows a list, it can provide focus. This helps connect the list to the overall point or idea.

Huskies, Dachsunds, mutts—she never met a dog she didn’t like.

6. To Signify Missing Letters

Em dashes strung together signify an omission.

Two consecutive em dashes indicate missing letters in a word. Three em dashes together represent a missing word.

This technique often helps censor expletives. Standard rules of grammar apply to punctuation that surrounds the missing letters and words.

When Genevieve dropped a can of tomato sauce on her toe, she shouted, “S——t.”

7. To Indicate Parenthetical Information

Em dashes effectively set off parenthetical expressions. These are words or phrases that don’t change a sentence’s primary meaning or grammatical structure.

Last weekend, Billy drove for nine hours—I don’t know what that boy was thinking—just to see his favorite band in concert.

A Grammar Best Practice is that a sentence should have no more than two em dashes for the sake of clarity.

Hyphen vs. Dash: a Split Decision

Dashes in their many forms serve many purposes in formal and informal writing. Choose your dashes wisely, and they can enhance meaning, provide clarity, and create structure in sentences that’s sure to knock-out readers.

Quick Hyphen vs. Dash Grammar Quiz

Hyphen vs. Dash Question #1

Hyphens are the same as dashes.
Correct! Wrong!

The answer is FALSE. Hyphens have a shorter length than dashes.

Dash Question #2

Dashes can be used for any of the following except:
Correct! Wrong!

The answer is A. You can only use a hyphen to create compound words.

Em Dash and En Dash Question #3

Which statement is true?
Correct! Wrong!

The answer is C. The em dash has that name because it’s slightly longer than the en dash. It’s about the size of the letter M.

Hyphen Question #4

Which sentence is grammatically correct?
Correct! Wrong!

The answer is A. Hyphens are used when writing out two-digit numbers or fractions.

En Dash Question #5

Which of these is NOT a grammatical function of en dash?
Correct! Wrong!

The answer is D. Hyphens are ideal for indicating a word that is spelled out letter by letter.

Em Dash Question #6

Which sentence is grammatically correct?
Correct! Wrong!

The answer is A. Em dashes effectively set off parenthetical expressions.

Read More: When to Use an Em Dash

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I.E. vs. E.G.: Differences and How to Use Correctly

i.e. vs. e.g. Two Latin men from the Middle Ages looking at each other.

Main i.e. vs. e.g. Takeaways:

  • I.e. means id est. It’s a Latin expression meaning “that is.”
  • Use i.e. when you want to elaborate on a statement.
  • E.g. means exempli gratia. It’s a Latin phrase meaning “for the sake of example” or “for example.”
  • Use e.g. when you want to provide examples to help the reader understand your meaning.

I.e. and e.g. are NOT interchangeable. This quick i.e. vs. e.g. guide covers what these Latin phrases mean, examples of how to use them, and easy steps to look good when you do.

The text "i.e. vs. e.g." appears in dark blue in the middle of the image. To the right is a Roman cartoon character labeled i.e. and to the left is another Roman cartoon character labeled e.g. Both have bronze laurels, togas, and colored sashes.
I.e. is the abbreviation for the Latin term “id est,” while e.g. is the abbreviation for the Latin phrase, “exempli gratia.”

What Does I.E. Mean?

This abbreviation comes from the Latin expression id est, which means “that is.” You can use i.e. to sum up your main point or break down the idea you’re getting at. For instance, use it when you want to rephrase something you just said or to elaborate on something to make your original meaning clearer.

For you to easily remember, just connect the”i” in i.e. to the phrase “in other words.” Meaning, you can use i.e. whenever you could use “in other words.”

We love the great outdoors (in other words, hiking and camping in the mountains).
(Using i.e.)We love the great outdoors (i.e., hiking and camping in the mountains).

Also, since id est roughly translates to “that is” in English, you can also use i.e. whenever you could use “that is.”

Call me if you need anything at all (that is, if you need a ride home from the game.)
(Using i.e.)Call me if you need anything at all (i.e., if you need a ride home from the game.)
A synonym for i.e. is “in other words.”

What Does E.G. Mean?

E.G. is the abbreviation for the Latin phrase exempli gratia. Translated literally, this phrase means “for the sake of example.” What’s more, this is also where we get the more frequently used prepositional phrase“for example.” You can use e.g. anywhere you’d use “for example” or “for instance.”

There’s another simple trick you can use to remember when to use e.g. Connect the “e” in e.g. to the “e” in “example.” Then, use the abbreviation when you want to offer an example or multiple examples of something you just mentioned.

I love any kind of desserts with fruit, for example, apple pie, fruit tarts, and cherry turnovers.
(Using e.g.) I love any kind of desserts with fruit, e.g., apple pie, fruit tarts, and cherry turnovers.
She’s taken up several hobbies since retiring last month, for instance, swimming lessons in the morning and gardening in the afternoon.
(Using e.g.) She’s taken up several hobbies since retiring last month, e.g., swimming lessons in the morning and gardening in the afternoon.
A synonym for e.g. is “for example.”
A boy holding two balls. The one on the left is labeled i.e. The one to his right is labeled e.g. To the boy's left side the text reads Use i.e. to elaborate. To his right side, the text reads Use e.g. to give examples.
We use the abbreviation i.e. to elaborate our ideas. On the other hand, we use e.g. to provide examples that would support our ideas.

How Do You Use I.E. or E.G. in a Sentence?

Here are some examples of how to use i.e. in a sentence:

The club offers a full range of VIP perks (i.e., lots of red velvet ropes, free drinks, and seats right by the band).

In this example, i.e. is being used to clarify what the writer meant by VIP perks.

Tanya’s toddler proceeded to put on her very own Broadway show,i.e.twirling in circles as she sang at the top of her lungs.

Here, we’re clarifying that the child’s show isn’t actually a Broadway production. Instead, we use the i.e. as a chance to clarify that the “show” actually was a circle song-and-dance.

English is great, but I prefer more relaxed classes,i.e., recess and lunch.

Here are some examples of how to use e.g. in a sentence:

I use lots of leafy greens (e.g., kale, spinach, and arugula) to make my signature summer salad.
We should use our savings to take a trip somewhere exotic, e.g., Bali or Bora Bora.
I packed all the essentials (e.g., pants, toothpaste, and earplugs), and now I’m ready for my trip.
A cartoon of a young Roman man proclaiming "id est." Above his Laureled head is the text: i.e. or id est means "that is"
Make sure to use the Latin abbreviation i.e. if you want to elaborate on a previously stated idea.

More I.e. vs. E.g. Example Sentences:

Universities in the country (e.g., Harvard, UCLA, and ASU) are close next week for Thanksgiving.
Universities in the country, for example,Harvard, UCLA, and ASU, are close next week for Thanksgiving.

In this example, Harvard, UCLA, and ASU are used as examples of universities.  However, the use of e.g. indicates that all the universities will close down next week, not just the three listed.

Universities in the country (i.e., Harvard, UCLA, and ASU) are close next week for Thanksgiving.
Universities in the country, that isHarvard, UCLA, and ASU, are close next week for Thanksgiving.

In this example, i.e. emphasizes that only three universities in the country will be closed for Thanksgiving.

Are I.E. and E.G. Interchangeable?

Quite the contrary, i.e. and e.g. are NOT interchangeable. While both are abbreviations of Latin phrases, they have different meanings and functions. i.e. means id est, which means “that is” in English. On the other hand, e.g. means exempli gratia, or “for example” when translated to English.

Rules in Using I.E. vs. E.G.

Follow these six grammar rules to make sure you use i.e. vs. e.g. correctly every time:

  1. Capitalize the first letters in i.e. and e.g. if they’re at the beginning of a sentence. Or, if these abbreviations appear in headers (refer to our headers in this article).
  2. Always add a period separating each letter.
  3. Unless they appear at the end of a sentence, always add a comma after the last period.
  4. Offset these abbreviations with commas or parenthesis.
  5. Never italicize these abbreviations.
  6. If you get confused, replace i.e. with “in other words” and e.g. with “for example.

1. How to Capitalize I.e. vs. E.g.

If these abbreviations appear at the beginning of a sentence, in a title, or in a header, you should capitalize the first letter. For example, take a look at the header for this section.

If these abbreviations are in the middle of a sentence and are not part of a title or header, do not capitalize them.

2. Where to Add Periods for I.e. vs. E.g.

Both i.e. and e.g. are abbreviations for full phrases. As a result, we show this by adding a period after each letter of the abbreviation.

Therefore, add a period after the “i” and the “e” in i.e. Similarly, you should add a period after the “e” and the “g” in e.g.

3. When you Need a Comma After I.e. and E.g.

In the same way that you would put a comma after the phrase “in other words” or “for example”, you should add a comma after i.e. and e.g.

This is also due to the fact that both are abbreviations of phrases.

However, there are two exceptions.

A young Roman man saying exempli gratia. The text above his laureled head says: exempli gratia means for example.
If you’re citing examples, make sure to use the abbreviation e.g.

First, you don’t need a comma after either of these abbreviations if it appears at the end of the sentence.

Secondly, you don’t need a comma after e.g.or i.e. if they are not introducing an example of clarification.

For instance, in this article, we discussed both abbreviations as standalone literary devices. In these discussions, you’ll notice that we did not add a comma after each abbreviation.

However, when these abbreviations appear in examples or in action, you’ll notice that we did add a comma after each.

4. Why you Need Commas or Parenthesis with I.e. and E.g.

Although they do it in different ways, both the abbreviations e.g. and i.e. help clarify meaning. In this way, the often add information that helps contextualize or explain.

But, that information isn’t always necessary to the core meaning of the sentence.

As a result, clauses that begin with i.e. or e.g. are usually nonessential or nonrestrictive. This means that if we remove them from the sentence, we might lose some detail but the main idea stays intact.

5. Why you Should Italicize the Phrases, not the Abbreviations

Typically, we italicize Latin words when we use them in English. If you write out id est or exempli gratia, use italics.

However, if you use the abbreviations i.e. or e.g., do not use italics.

6. What to do if you get Confused

If you’re having trouble remembering the difference between i.e. vs. e.g., use this trick:

How to Easily Remember I.e. vs. E.g.:

  • The “i” in “i.e.” stands for “in other words.” Use this one to rephrase of clarify.
  • The“e” in “e.g.” stands for “example” in “for example.” Use this one to give specific examples to illustrate your point.

Incorporate these two abbreviations into your writing, and you’ll be fully demonstrating your literary genius two little letters at a time.

Quick I.e. vs. E.g. Quiz

I.e. Question #1

"i.e." is used to elaborate a previously made statement.
Correct! Wrong!

The answer is TRUE. Using "i.e." can help make the original meaning of a statement clearer.

I.e. Meaning Question #2

______ is a synonym for “i.e.”
Correct! Wrong!

The answer is B. You can use “in other words” in place of “i.e.”

E.g. Question #3

Which does NOT have the same meaning as “e.g.”?
Correct! Wrong!

The answer is C. The abbreviation "e.g." stands for "exempli gratia" which means "for the sake of example." It is used to give examples.

I.e. vs. e.g. Question #4

Select the grammatically correct sentence.
Correct! Wrong!

The answer is A. Since the sentence provides examples to support an idea, "e.g." is more appropriate.

I.e. Question #5

It would be best to punctuate "i.e." with a comma.
Correct! Wrong!

The answer is TRUE. Add a comma to "i.e." after the second period.

Read More: Blond Vs. Blonde: Untangle The Difference

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Affect vs. Effect: The Easiest way to get it Right

People often confuse themselves with the meaning and function of affect vs effect.

Main Affect vs. Effect Takeaways:

  • Both affect and effect can be verbs and nouns
  • Affect is usually a verb that means to change
  • When affect is a noun, it means a type of behavior, disposition, feeling, or emotion
  • Effect is usually a verb that means to cause change
  • When effect is a noun, it means the results of a change
  • Mnemonic devices like RAVEN (remember—affect, verb; effect, noun) can help you remember the difference between these two.
  • Affect and effect are not true homophones, meaning they are not pronounced the same way.

If you’re still not sure whether to use affect or effect in your otherwise perfect sentence, you’re not alone. Let’s quickly break down each point with clear examples and pronunciation guides.

The Most Common Use for Affect: Verb

Music affects people in different ways.
My aunt’s surprise visit affected my plans last weekend.

The Exception: Affect as a Noun

Daniel always has a brighter affect after his morning cup of coffee.

One of the most confusing things about the English language is that it often uses the same words to mean different things.

How do you keep everything straight? One trick for telling the difference between the noun version of a word and the verb version is the way that each is pronounced.

Affect Pronunciation Guide:

When affectis a verb, emphasize the second syllable = uh-FEKT

When affect is a noun, emphasize the first syllable = AH-fekt

On the left side, the sun shines brightly behind a pink cartoon character wearing sunglasses to show the meaning of the word affect. On the right, the character has a sunburn in the shape of the glasses to show the meaning of the word effect.
Even though “affect” and “effect” are often used interchangeably, there are huge differences in their meaning and function.

The Most Common Use for Effect: Noun

The morning news reported that the Senator’s jobs program had a positive effect on the economy.
Newton’s third law of motion teaches that every action results in an equal and opposite effect.

The Exception: Effect as a Verb

The newly-founded student club pledged to effect positive change in the world.
Effect Pronunciation Guide:

Effectis pronounced the same way whether it’s acting as a verb or noun.

Always emphasize the second syllable = ee-FEKT

Let’s look at a few more examples.

How do you Remember Affect and Effect?

Here are three simple tricks for remembering the difference between affect vs. effect. First, “A” comes before “E“in the alphabet. The “A“stands for the action that affects and comes before the effect. Second, if you can replace the word with influence, then you should probably use affect. If you can replace the word with result, you should probably use effect. Third, use the RAVEN mnemonic device: remember—affect, verb; effect, noun.

A mnemonic device is a learning technique that makes it easy to remember and recall information. Try using the RAVEN method to remember the common uses of affect and effect.

Affect or Effect? Rely on RAVEN

  • Remember
  • Affect
  • Verb
  • Effect
  • Noun

Fourth, but not least, is to remember that effect represents the end. For instance, if you’re referring to the ending result of an action in your sentence, you should use effect. It’s easy to remember since effect and end both start with the letter e.

What is the Difference Between Affect and Effect?

Affect and effect are one of the most mixed-up pairs in the English language. The confusion is due to two main reasons. First, they can sound similar when you say them. On top of that, both effect and affect can function as nouns or verbs. On one hand, affect is usually a verb and means to change or to influence. On the other hand, effect is usually a noun and means the result of a change. In general, affectcovers the relationship between behavior and actionwhile effect covers the relationship between change and results.

Think about it this way: Affect and effect sit on opposite sides of a sentence in the roles of cause and outcome.

In a nutshell, if something affects an object, the object experiences the effect of that action. One thing causes the other.
A pink cartoon character sits on the couch watching TV holding popcorn. His smile shows how the movie affects his mood.
What you binge watch on Netflix can affect your mood.

Will it Affect or Effect Me?

In this example, the correct answer is affect. This is because affect is acting as a verb. You can confirm this two ways. First, you can substitute affect with the verb influence and the sentence still makes perfect sense. What’s more, it is the subject of the sentence and, as a result, acting as noun. Since the sentence already has a noun, the noun effect won’t work. Therefore,

Did the Cold Affect or Effect you?

The correct answer is affect. You can be sure because cold the the subject of the sentence. Since the sentence already has a subject and noun, the noun effect won’t work. Instead, the sentence needs a verb to make sense. In this way, affect makes sense here because it is commonly used as a verb that means to influence or change. You can confirm the verb affect is the correct answer this by substituting it with influence and the sentence still makes sense.

Affect vs. Effect as Parts of Speech

The simplest way to navigate affect vs. effect is by using the parts of speech.

Although it isn’t accurate 100% of the time, parts of speech can be a helpful guideline for choosing the correct word.

If the sentence in question requires a verb, affect is probably the word you’re looking for.

If it’s a noun you need, then effect is most likely the right choice.

1. Definitions of Affect When Used as a Verb

1. To influence or act upon something, bringing about a response or change.

The storm affected outdoor events across the Midwest.
If I listen to his advice, it may affect my life in ways I can’t begin to imagine.

2. To feign or put on a pretense.

She affected an air of nonchalance, making her family think she didn’t care.
He always affects a British accent when he gets on stage.

3. To touch someone’s feelings.

News of her hospitalization affected us all.
He was deeply affected by the loss of his job.
A pink cartoon character holds a cake. He prepares to give it to a second character that looks excited. The exchange shows the meaning of the phrase "a positive effect."
Surprising your loved one with a cake will surely have a positive “effect” on him/her.

2. The Definition of Effect When Used as a Noun

As a noun, effect means a change that happens as a result of an action.

When they worked as a team, Sam and Jim achieved the effect they desired.
She believed that the cause was much less important than the effect.

Watch out! Exceptions to the Rule

In the English language, there are always exceptions to the rule.

Affect and effect have several less common forms and meanings, and each of those comes with unique rules for usage.

In fact, here’s where affect vs. effect gets tricky and can actually switch places as noun and verb.

1. When Affect is a Noun

When affect is used as a noun, it refers to an emotion or an emotional response.

The boy’s mother worried about his flat affect after the accident.

2. When Effect is a Verb

If affect can be a noun, then surely effect can be a verb. Its meaning in this form is to bring about. More often than not, when effect becomes a verb, it’s paired with words like solutions or change.

Pro Tip: When effect is a verb, it usually appears with the word change

So, do you affect change or effect change? This is where it gets sticky because technically, either word can be used in this scenario, with different meanings. Instead of conveying the idea of bringing about change, affect would mean impacting existing changes.

3. When Affect is an Adjective

Affect can be an adjective, but only you add an -ed. The word affected is the one time affect becomes an adjective, and it can have two distinct meanings.

Affect refers to an action that has to happen for you to get an effect (result).
Don’t be confused. Just remember that “affect” refers to an action that has to happen for you to get an “effect” (result).

1. Influenced by an External Factor

The affected area showed extensive storm damage.

2. Artificial or Designed to Impress

He wanted to believe she was genuine, but her actions appeared affected and unnatural.

4. When to use Affective vs. Effective

The answer is almost always effective. That is unless you’re a psychologist.

Meanings and Examples

Although both words are used as adjectives, effective can be used to mean:

  • Producing the desired effect
  • Impressive
  • Optimal
  • Ready for action
The guidelines become effective after the first of the year.
The school needs a more effective attendance policy to keep students from skipping class.

Affective, on the other hand, can mean:

  • Relating to or expressing emotion
  • Influencing emotions or feelings
She used affective gestures when talking about her child.
Because he suffered from Seasonal Affective Disorder, the winter months always got him down.

The meanings of affective are generally specific to psychology and emotions. That means that most of the time when choosing between affective and effective, the latter is almost always the word you want.

5. How to use Personal Effects

In this commonly used idiom, effects are synonymous with belongings.

Pronunciation Guides: I now Pronounce you Affect and Effect

Although some people consider affect and effect to be homophones, their pronunciation isn’t actually identical. If you listen closely, you’ll hear subtle differences.

True homophones are words that sound the same but have different spellings and meanings, such as two, too and to. Affect and effect, when articulated correctly, aren’t the same. Affect is pronounced with more of an “ah” or “uh” sound on the first syllable. Effect has the stronger “eh” sound.

Affect vs. Effect: A Brief Recap

Common Usage: More often than not, if you need a verb, affect is the word you want. If you need a noun, then effect is most likely correct. Remember: Affect commonly means to change, while effect means the result of a change.

Mnemonic Devices: There are several effective mnemonic devices to help in the battle of affect vs. effect. Probably the simplest is RAVEN, which stands for: remember — affect, verb; effect, noun.

Leading with Letters: Pair the letters in affect and effect with letters of common synonyms to remember the meaning. Affect means to alter, while effect means the end result.

Affect vs. Effect Quick Grammar Quiz

Affect Question #1

Which statement is correct?
Correct! Wrong!

The answer is C. “Affect” is usually a verb, but it can function as a noun when it refers to a behavior or an attitude.

Effect Question #2

Which statement is correct?
Correct! Wrong!

The answer is D. “Effect” is usually a noun, but it can also function as a verb. When acting as a verb, “effect” is usually used with the word “change,” such as in the phrase “to effect change.”

Affect vs. Effect Question #3

“Affect” and “effect” are pronounced exactly the same way.
Correct! Wrong!

The answer is FALSE. “Affect” and “effect” are not pronounced the same way. When you pronounce “affect,” you drop your jaw and open your mouth like you do when you say “apple”. When you pronounce “effect,” you do not drop your jaw. Instead, you stretch the sides of your mouth like when you say “email.”

Affected or Effected Question #4

Which sentence is correct?
Correct! Wrong!

The answer is A. In this sentence, “effect” is acting as a verb. One clue is that “effect” appears with “changes,” which is often the case when “effect” is used as a verb.

Affect or Effect in a Sentence Question #5

Which sentence is correct?
Correct! Wrong!

The answer is B. The sentence is about the result of getting too much sun. Since a result is a noun, “effect” is correct as it is functioning as a noun here.

Affect vs. Effect Question #6

Select the correct sentence.
Correct! Wrong!

The answer is B. “Sun” is the subject of the sentence and is doing the acting. “Me” is receiving that action. So, “affect” is acting as a verb here and is the correct answer.

Affect vs. Effect Question #7

Which sentence is correct?
Correct! Wrong!

The answer is A. In this sentence, “affect” is acting as a verb.

Affect vs. Effect Question #8

Which sentence is correct?
Correct! Wrong!

The answer is B. The sentence is about the cat’s attitude. Since “affect” refers to an attitude or behavior when it acts as a noun, the correct answer here is “affect.”

Affect vs. Effect Quiz Result
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Read More: The Most Difficult Words In The English Language

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To Whom It May Concern: What it Means and When to use it

To Whom It May Concern is a salutation commonly used in formal or business correspondence.

Main To Whom It May Concern Takeaways:

  • To Whom It May Concern is a salutation. The salutation of a letter gives writers a chance to set the tone of your correspondence.
  • Capitalize the letter of each word, then follow the phrase with a colon.
  • To Whom It May Concern may also be written as To Whom This May Concern.
  • Alternatives include Dear, Hello, and Greetings.
  • There are pros and cons to using a generic greeting. It can minimize the risk of misspelling a name or incorrectly identifying gender. On the other hand, it can sound impersonal and imply laziness or a lack of care.
  • To Whom It May Concern is appropriate for formal correspondence when you don’t know who the recipient is. This includes letters of reference, initial contact emails, and when prospecting.
To Whom It May Concern:

You should always do everything you can to find out the recipients name and contact information. However, when this isn’t possible, use To Whom It May Concern. We’ll show you how to correctly use this salutation and look at sample letters with To Whom It May Concern in action.

What is the Correct way to Write To Whom It May Concern?

Always capitalize the first letter of every word. Then, add a colon at the end of the phrase, right after the word Concern. Next, double-space before beginning the rest of your letter.

To Whom It May Concern:

Using To Whom It May Concern Correctly:

  1. Capitalize the first letter of every word.
  2. Punctuate it with a colon after following Concern. If you’re working with a particular style guide, be sure to consult it for specific rules. Some call for a comma instead of a colon.
  3. Double-space before starting the body of your letter.
A cartoon blue hand holds a pink pen to write a letter. The page has the words TO WHOM IT MAY CONCERN at the top.
“To Whom It May Concern” is a salutation commonly used in formal or business correspondence.

Example Letter Using To Whom It May Concern

To Whom It May Concern:

I recently purchased a pet harness from your company’s website, and the strangest thing happened. It arrived damaged, but the damage didn’t appear to be from a shipping problem. Rather, it seemed to be chewed up. I am hoping you can help me with this, either through a replacement or a refund. I’d also love to understand how this happened!

Best Regards,

A Disappointed Dog Owner

What is the Meaning of To Whom It May Concern?

This is a traditional salutation found in formal or professional correspondence. ToWhom It May Concern is usually used when you aren’t sure of the recipient’s name or who the recipient might be. Basically, it means that you are addressing whoever is responsible for what your letter is about. “It” refers to what your letter is about. “To Whom” and “Concern” refer to the person responsible for (or concerned with) your query. “May” refers to the fact that you’re not sure who is responsible for your query.

Some feel that this common salutation is becoming obsolete. Similarly, others feel it sounds too impersonal and even stuffy. However, many letter writers wonder if this classic greeting is still appropriate and effective to use.

Is To Whom It May Concern Rude?

No, it’s not rude to use “To Whom It May Concern” in your cover letters, proposal letters, and other correspondence. That’s because this salutation works well when you are unsure of the recipient’s name and want to come across as respectful. 

With that said, “To Whom It May Concern” may not be the ideal salutation in specific contexts. For example, it’s acceptable to use the salutation when lodging a customer service complaint. 

Meanwhile, using “To Whom It May Concern” in your cover letter may make it come off as bland. So, while using it is appropriate in certain situations, when you have a specific name that you can address, it is best to do so.

When It’s Okay to Use To Whom It May Concern

To Whom It May Concern can still be useful at times. It’s appropriate to use this generic greeting in:

  • Letters of reference or introduction.
  • Initial contact forms or emails.
  • Cover letters for Resumes.
  • Prospecting letters.
  • Any correspondence where multiple recipients will receive the same letter.
  • Any time you are not sure who the recipient is.
A cartoon mother sits a table writing a letter with a concerned expression. Her young son is to her right. He looks feverish and has a thermometer in his mouth while he rubs his head. There is a call out that zooms in on the letter the mother is writing, it begins with the phrase: to whom it may concern.
If you don’t know the name or identity of the person you’re writing to, you might use “To Whom It May Concern” when writing a note to excuse your child from school.

Should I use To Whom It May Concern?

If you don’t who the recipient is, using To Whom It May Concern is fine. Alternatives include Greetings and Dear. Use these alone or in combination with the person’s job title or department. However, it all comes down to style and context. On one hand, To Whom It May Concern is a generic greeting that helps avoid addressing the wrong person, misspelling a name, or using the incorrect gender. Another benefit is that if you’re sending the same letter to multiple people, you’ll save time researching names and changing the greeting. On the other hand, it’s less personal and can seem old-fashioned. Or worse, it could come off lazy because a quick Internet search or phone call could give you the information you need to create a more personal and unique impression.

It can be difficult to start a letter if you don’t know who the recipient is. This may happen when writing business letters to a company, cover letters for resumes, and recommendations.

To Whom It May Concern may seem like an ideal greeting, but there are downsides to writing a one-size-fits-all salutation. Here are several pros and cons of using To Whom It May Concern.

Pros:

  • You won’t risk addressing the wrong person, misspelling a name, or incorrectly guessing a gender.
  • If you’re sending copies to multiple people, you don’t have to change the greeting.
  • Using To Whom It May Concern can save you time researching names.

Cons:

  • Ultimately, detractors of To Whom It May Concern argue that we live in an age of information, which has rendered this generic greeting obsolete.
  • It’s now possible to find the names of contacts for most companies through websites and social media accounts.
  • Plus, what an internet search can’t accomplish, a quick phone call easily can.

The good news is that there are plenty of alternatives for this go-to salutation.

To Whom It May Concern Alternatives

You’ve made every effort to find the name of your contact person but in the end, you still aren’t sure.

But, you want to avoid using To Whom It May Concern. You want to stand out from the crowd and make a memorable but professional first impression.

You may also have tossed out the classic Dear Sirs since your correspondence could easily end up on the desk of a female employee. What’s left?

Front view of a cartoon character holding a pencil and looking up pensively. His head is surrounded by three thought bubbles as he imagines different ways to start his letter. One option is HELLO, another is TO WHOM IT MAY CONCERN, and the third is GREETINGS!.
There are tons of modern alternatives to the salutation “To Whom It May Concern.”

Here are the 15 best modern To Whom It May Concern alternatives:

  • Hello
  • Greetings
  • Re: (Topic of Letter)
  • Dear Sir or Madam
  • Dear [Department] Name
  • Dear [Department] Manager
  • Dear HR Manager
  • Dear Human Resources Representative
  • Dear Hiring Manager
  • Dear Hiring Committee
  • Dear Search Committee
  • Dear Recruiter
  • Dear Recruiting Manager
  • Dear Personnel Manager
  • Dear Customer Service Manager

All of these options imply knowledge of the recipient’s name, but remember, there are plenty of ways to find your addressee on the internet.

Ways to Find Contact Information

  • Search the company’s website for your contact.
  • Visit the company’s social media or LinkedIn page.
  • Reach out via a chat box or direct message to ask a representative who you should be writing to.
  • If all else fails, a phone call should do the trick.

Let’s take a closer look at when and how you might use some of these alternatives.

Hello or Greetings

These casual salutations can be useful when writing informal correspondence, such as emails, memos, or direct messages on social media.

Use them alone or in with a name, job title, or department.

(name):Hello Isabelle,
(role):Greetings Editorial Department,

Typically, place a comma after the name or point of contact.

Some writers may opt for a colon or even a period or exclamation point to create additional emphasis. However, always consult the particular style guide you’re following.

What’s more, be sure to consider your audience. For example, exclamation points can seem very informal and are not always appropriate or appreciated.

Dear vs. To Whom It May Concern

Dear is also a classic salutation. But, is more common in modern letter-writing use thanks to its simplicity and versatility.

To properly punctuate this greeting, use Dear + Name, followed by a comma.

There are several ways you can use this traditional greeting in correspondence.

A blonde cartoon character with giant earbuds sits at a desk writing a letter. He has a question mark over his head as he wonders what the correct way to write TO WHOM IT MAY CONCERN is.
Make sure to capitalize the first letter of each word in the salutation “To Whom It May Concern.”

1. Dear [Name]

For informal correspondence, use a first name or even a nickname. For formal correspondence such as business letters, use the person’s title and surname. Titles, otherwise known as honorifics, may include Dr., Professor, Mrs., Mr., Ms., Miss, and the gender-neutral Mx. If your letters are aiming high, your greeting may also include royal titles such as Lord and Lady.

(first name):Dear Eleanor,
Note: Using the first name can add a comfortable, familiar touch to the letter and ensure that the recipient reads your words.
(nickname):Dear Ladybug,
Note: Nicknames should only be used when writing letters to someone with whom you’re well-acquainted.
(title):Dear Mx. Jones,

2. Dear [Role], [Team], or [Department]

When writing professional letters or corresponding with companies, it’s acceptable to address a letter to a department or the representative of a position.

By using a specific role, you can make sure your letter reaches the intended recipient.

Dear Regional Apparel Buyer,

Addressing a letter to a team is another effective way of personalizing a letter without using a specific person’s name.

Dear Customer Care Team,

When addressing a letter to a specific department, you increase the likelihood of it reaching someone in the know.

Dear Hiring Department,

This is especially useful when you just can’t find the name of a person or if you know the company is in transition.

The Importance of a Salutation

When you correspond with a person or company, it’s generally for a purpose.

Letters offer a chance to connect with potential clients, employers, or employees, and can serve to notify recipients of wants, needs, or demands. They may also be a way to reach out with questions of varying levels of importance.

That’s why it’s vital to get it right when you’re writing a letter.

A salutation is a crucial part of any correspondence. With a single phrase, the writer can set the tone for the letter. It’s a chance to create that all-important first impression.

The salutation can let the reader know whether the letter will be formal or informal, friendly, or professional. It can create a sense of familiarity or show that the recipient is unknown to the sender.

Using someone’s name may also be an effective way to grab your recipient’s attention, making sure what’s said next gets read. But, when you aren’t sure who the recipient is, To Whom It May Concern is an ideal choice.

Try This Quick To Whom It May Concern Quiz

Question #1

To Whom It May Concern is a one-size-fits-all salutation.
Correct! Wrong!

The answer is TRUE. To Whom It May Concern is a generic salutation typically used when the writer doesn’t know the recipient’s identity.

Question #2

Which statement is false?
Correct! Wrong!

The answer is B. Since the salutation doesn’t address anyone in particular, it feels less personal.

Question #3

Which statement is false?
Correct! Wrong!

The answer is B. You can use a colon to punctuate To Whom It May Concern.

Question #4

Select a more modern alternative for To Whom It May Concern.
Correct! Wrong!

The answer is D. All the salutations above are viable modern alternatives for To Whom It May Concern.

Read More: Best Regards and Alternatives: the Best ways to end an Email